This paper analyzes the effect of foldable containers in various circumstances. Recently, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many unexpected situations have arisen in the shipping and logistics industries. In this study, we examine three key situations: shutdowns, demand fluctuations, and fleet size fluctuations.
Furthermore, we developed an integer programming model to analyze through experiments the effect of foldable containers in each situation. The results show that foldable containers have proven to be more effective than standard containers in many situations, and they facilitate a faster recovery from container imbalances.
Out of a total of about 5000 containers, an estimated fleet and critical mass of just 695 foldable containers are required for the inland network under study (and the rest of the containers being conventional ones), with a 71% load factor on the back haul.
Containerships consume much fuel that is sensitive to bunker costs resulting in longer transit times and lower customer satisfaction. Also, shipping carriers are concerned with higher fixed operational costs and a lower freight rate due to ship overcapacity. Therefore, reducing
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